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<text id=93CT1609>
<link 90TT1286>
<title>
Benin--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Benin
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> In the precolonial era, Benin was a collection of small,
often warring principalities, the most powerful of which was the
Fon Kingdom of Dahomey (with its capital at Abomey), founded in
the 17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, first the
Portuguese and later other European powers established trading
posts along the coast, notably at Porto Novo and Ouidah. They
traded firearms and luxury items to the kings of Dahomey and
other principalities for slaves, who were mostly prisoners taken
in internecine wars. Thousands of slaves were shipped to the New
World, primarily to Brazil and the Caribbean. This part of West
Africa became known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the Slave
Coast. Northern Benin traded primarily with other Africans and
Arabs in the Sahel region and thus experienced limited European
influence.
</p>
<p> France led efforts to suppress the slave trade, beginning in
the mid-19th century. These efforts, along with expansion into
Africa by European colonial empires, led to alliances with some
local groups and warfare with others. In 1892, the King of
Dahomey was subjugated and the country organized as the French
protectorate of Dahomey. Dahomey, in turn, became a territory
of French West Africa, and it remained a French colony until
independence in 1960, when it was called the Republic of
Dahomey. The name was changed to the People's Republic of Benin
in 1975.
</p>
<p> In the early years of independence, the nation was plagued
by political instability, including many coups and changes of
government (nine in the first 12 years of independence). The
last change took place on October 26, 1972, when a group of
middle- and junior-grade officers seized control of the
government. A military revolutionary government was established,
with a Cabinet composed primarily of military officers.
Then-Maj. Mathieu Kerekou was named chief of state, a position
he has held since that time.
</p>
<p> The Kerekou government, with the support of Benin's Marxist
intellectuals, many of them French educated, soon began a
process of revolutionary change, attempting to restructure the
government, the economy, and the society along Marxist-Leninist
lines. Close political ties were established with the Soviet
Union and other socialist countries. Strained diplomatic
relations prompted the United States to withdraw its ambassador
to Benin in February 1976; although the United States continued
to be represented in Cotonou by a charge d'affaires. Large
private businesses were nationalized; a single political party
was created; and institutions were established for the
centralized direction of political and economic activity.
Nevertheless, the thousands of small private commercial
enterprises that are the lifeblood of Benin's economy, continued
to operate. Although some large-scale government agricultural
projects were initiated, agriculture also is predominantly in
the hands of individuals.
</p>
<p> In 1977, a group of mercenaries landed at the Cotonou airport
to carry out a coup d'etat. They were quicKly repulsed after
some minor fighting. Although the attempt may have been
initiated by Beninese exile groups, the Government of Benin
blamed "international imperialism." Relations with the West,
including France and the United States, deteriorated markedly.
Assistance provided by Libya in the wake of the attack
encouraged closer Beninese-Libyan ties.
</p>
<p> The government adopted a new constitution in 1977 to further
institutionalize the revolution. Elections to the first
National Revolutionary assembly were held in November 1979, and
the assembly then elected Mathieu Kerekou president of the
country in 1980. In August 1984, he was re-elected. Despite real
and alleged plots against his government in 1973, 1975, and
1977, violence and demonstrations in 1978 and 1981, and
preempted coup plots in 1988, Kerekou's 16 years of rule have
been more stable than the politically turbulent 1960-72 period.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p>In 1974, 2 years after Kerekou came into power Marxism-Leninism
was declared the guiding philosophy of the new government. A
single party, the People's Revolutionary Party, was established
and modeled after those in communist countries. The party and
its Central Committee play a primary role in government
decisionmaking. The Central Committee makes all appointments to
important positions and promulgates important government
decisions.
</p>
<p> Recently, President Kerekou has modified his governments
attempts to apply strict Marxism-Leninism. Driven by heavy
losses suffered by nationalized industries and the worsening
economic situation, the government has shown an interest in
privatizing many government-controlled sectors of the economy.
In early 1986, Benin allowed a number of private foreign firms
to begin operation in the transport sector.
</p>
<p> Although no opposition parties are permitted, the people do
have a voice in the political life of the country. Each elected
level, starting at the village, chooses the next level of
leadership. This process applies to the National Revolutionary
Assembly, which, in turn, elects the president. While the party
must approve all candidates, consideration is given to the
selection of local leaders acceptable to their local
communities. The process of elections to the Second National
Revolutionary Assembly began in April 1984 and ended with the
election of a new assembly in July 1984.
</p>
<p> On July 29, 1988, the Cabinet was restructured. Cabinet
ministers along with the six "prefets" (provincial governors),
make up the National Executive Council. According to the
constitution, the Council is the supreme administrative and
executive organ of the country. In practice much of the work is
done by the Permanent Committee of the Council.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
March 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>