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- <text id=93CT1609>
- <link 90TT1286>
- <title>
- Benin--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Benin
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> In the precolonial era, Benin was a collection of small,
- often warring principalities, the most powerful of which was the
- Fon Kingdom of Dahomey (with its capital at Abomey), founded in
- the 17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, first the
- Portuguese and later other European powers established trading
- posts along the coast, notably at Porto Novo and Ouidah. They
- traded firearms and luxury items to the kings of Dahomey and
- other principalities for slaves, who were mostly prisoners taken
- in internecine wars. Thousands of slaves were shipped to the New
- World, primarily to Brazil and the Caribbean. This part of West
- Africa became known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the Slave
- Coast. Northern Benin traded primarily with other Africans and
- Arabs in the Sahel region and thus experienced limited European
- influence.
- </p>
- <p> France led efforts to suppress the slave trade, beginning in
- the mid-19th century. These efforts, along with expansion into
- Africa by European colonial empires, led to alliances with some
- local groups and warfare with others. In 1892, the King of
- Dahomey was subjugated and the country organized as the French
- protectorate of Dahomey. Dahomey, in turn, became a territory
- of French West Africa, and it remained a French colony until
- independence in 1960, when it was called the Republic of
- Dahomey. The name was changed to the People's Republic of Benin
- in 1975.
- </p>
- <p> In the early years of independence, the nation was plagued
- by political instability, including many coups and changes of
- government (nine in the first 12 years of independence). The
- last change took place on October 26, 1972, when a group of
- middle- and junior-grade officers seized control of the
- government. A military revolutionary government was established,
- with a Cabinet composed primarily of military officers.
- Then-Maj. Mathieu Kerekou was named chief of state, a position
- he has held since that time.
- </p>
- <p> The Kerekou government, with the support of Benin's Marxist
- intellectuals, many of them French educated, soon began a
- process of revolutionary change, attempting to restructure the
- government, the economy, and the society along Marxist-Leninist
- lines. Close political ties were established with the Soviet
- Union and other socialist countries. Strained diplomatic
- relations prompted the United States to withdraw its ambassador
- to Benin in February 1976; although the United States continued
- to be represented in Cotonou by a charge d'affaires. Large
- private businesses were nationalized; a single political party
- was created; and institutions were established for the
- centralized direction of political and economic activity.
- Nevertheless, the thousands of small private commercial
- enterprises that are the lifeblood of Benin's economy, continued
- to operate. Although some large-scale government agricultural
- projects were initiated, agriculture also is predominantly in
- the hands of individuals.
- </p>
- <p> In 1977, a group of mercenaries landed at the Cotonou airport
- to carry out a coup d'etat. They were quicKly repulsed after
- some minor fighting. Although the attempt may have been
- initiated by Beninese exile groups, the Government of Benin
- blamed "international imperialism." Relations with the West,
- including France and the United States, deteriorated markedly.
- Assistance provided by Libya in the wake of the attack
- encouraged closer Beninese-Libyan ties.
- </p>
- <p> The government adopted a new constitution in 1977 to further
- institutionalize the revolution. Elections to the first
- National Revolutionary assembly were held in November 1979, and
- the assembly then elected Mathieu Kerekou president of the
- country in 1980. In August 1984, he was re-elected. Despite real
- and alleged plots against his government in 1973, 1975, and
- 1977, violence and demonstrations in 1978 and 1981, and
- preempted coup plots in 1988, Kerekou's 16 years of rule have
- been more stable than the politically turbulent 1960-72 period.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p>In 1974, 2 years after Kerekou came into power Marxism-Leninism
- was declared the guiding philosophy of the new government. A
- single party, the People's Revolutionary Party, was established
- and modeled after those in communist countries. The party and
- its Central Committee play a primary role in government
- decisionmaking. The Central Committee makes all appointments to
- important positions and promulgates important government
- decisions.
- </p>
- <p> Recently, President Kerekou has modified his governments
- attempts to apply strict Marxism-Leninism. Driven by heavy
- losses suffered by nationalized industries and the worsening
- economic situation, the government has shown an interest in
- privatizing many government-controlled sectors of the economy.
- In early 1986, Benin allowed a number of private foreign firms
- to begin operation in the transport sector.
- </p>
- <p> Although no opposition parties are permitted, the people do
- have a voice in the political life of the country. Each elected
- level, starting at the village, chooses the next level of
- leadership. This process applies to the National Revolutionary
- Assembly, which, in turn, elects the president. While the party
- must approve all candidates, consideration is given to the
- selection of local leaders acceptable to their local
- communities. The process of elections to the Second National
- Revolutionary Assembly began in April 1984 and ended with the
- election of a new assembly in July 1984.
- </p>
- <p> On July 29, 1988, the Cabinet was restructured. Cabinet
- ministers along with the six "prefets" (provincial governors),
- make up the National Executive Council. According to the
- constitution, the Council is the supreme administrative and
- executive organ of the country. In practice much of the work is
- done by the Permanent Committee of the Council.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- March 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-